If a 12 V battery is directly connected to an AC supply (220 V or 120 V), it will cause extreme overvoltage, overheating, rapid chemical breakdown, gas release, fire, or even explosion.
Detailed Technical Explanation:
A 12 V battery is designed for low DC voltage charging, typically between 12–14.5 V.
The AC supply from a wall socket is either 220–240 V (in most countries) or 110–120 V (in the US), and it alternates polarity 50–60 times per second.
When directly connected:
- The battery will be forced to take in far higher voltage than it is designed for.
- Since AC keeps reversing polarity, during one half cycle the battery is forward-charged with extreme voltage, and during the next half cycle, it is forced into reverse polarity, which is highly destructive to the chemical plates.
- The internal resistance of a battery is very low, so massive current will flow instantly, producing rapid heating.
- This leads to boiling of the electrolyte, excessive hydrogen gas release, and the possibility of the battery casing bursting or exploding.
- At the same time, the household circuit can trip breakers or blow fuses due to short-circuit–like conditions.
- If no protection is present, there is a serious fire and explosion hazard.
In short: instead of charging, the battery will be destroyed almost instantly, and it poses severe risks to life and property.
Summary:
Directly connecting a 12 V battery to an AC mains socket is extremely dangerous. It will not charge the battery but instead cause severe overheating, gas emission, fire, or explosion. Always use a proper battery charger with rectification and voltage regulation when charging from AC supply.
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