I think you're talking about these vines. I'll explain what is their use and why they are made in this specific manner in layman terms to make sure it's not a boring electrical engineering lecture to you. Let's get into it.
Short answer : These are Insulators
Long answer (with explanation) : Electrical power lines have some voltage associated to it, usually in the order of kilovolts. The potential for the ground is zero.
Why we need an Insulator?
- To make sure that the power lines are serving their purpose which is supplying electricity. In absense of this Insulator, all the current will be directed towards ground.
- And we need something to hang those wires to the tower and that thing cannot be a conductor.
Why this specific shape with discs?
An electric spark (even the lighting) happens due to the potential difference between two points which can ionize air.
So, we need to manage this potential difference, and that is done by fragmenting it using multiple discs which create kind of zones with somewhat same potential drop.
The material we use is ceramic.
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