Automatic Water Level Controller: Efficient Management of Water Supply Systems

This is an Automatic Water Level Controller system, commonly used to manage water levels in overhead and underground water tanks. 

Components:

1. Automatic Water Level Controller:

   - This device monitors and controls the water levels in tanks automatically. It typically includes controls for setting water levels and indicators for operational status.

2. Power Supply (220 Volt):

   - Provides the necessary electrical power to operate the controller and the water pump.

3. Water Tank (Overhead):

   - The upper tank where water is stored for distribution. It is monitored by the controller to prevent overflow.

4. Water Tank (Underground):

   - A lower tank that stores water, typically filled by the pump when the overhead tank needs to be replenished.

5. Water Pump:

   - This device is responsible for moving water from the underground tank to the overhead tank when needed.

6. Water Level Sensors:

   - These sensors are placed in both the overhead and underground tanks. They detect the water level and send signals to the controller.

   - Types of Sensors:

     - Low-Level Sensor: Activates the pump when the water level in the overhead tank drops below a certain point.

     - High-Level Sensor: Stops the pump when the overhead tank reaches its maximum level.

Working Operation:

1. Monitoring Water Levels:

   - The sensors continuously monitor the water levels in both tanks. When the overhead tank's water level falls below the low-level sensor, it sends a signal to the controller.

2. Activating the Pump:

   - Upon receiving the signal from the low-level sensor, the controller activates the water pump, which begins to draw water from the underground tank.

3. Filling the Overhead Tank:

   - The pump fills the overhead tank with water. As the water level rises, the high-level sensor will eventually be triggered.

4. Stopping the Pump:

   - Once the high-level sensor is activated, the controller stops the pump to prevent overflow in the overhead tank.

5. Manual Override:

   - The controller may also have manual controls (like the ON/OFF button) to allow for manual operation if required.

Summary:

This automatic water level controller system efficiently manages the water levels in overhead and underground tanks, ensuring a constant supply of water while preventing overflow and dry running of the pump. It automates the process, reducing the need for manual intervention and conserving water.

Understanding Logic Gates: Theory and Practical Implementation

This is a logic circuit with an associated truth table.

Components:

1. Inputs (A, B, C): These are binary inputs that can be either 0 (low) or 1 (high).

2. Logic Gate (Greater than 1): 

   - This gate checks if the sum of inputs A, B, and C is greater than 1.

3. Output (Y): The output will be 1 if the condition of the logic gate is satisfied (i.e., if more than one input is high).

Truth Table:

- The truth table shows all possible combinations of the inputs and the corresponding output:

  - When A, B, and C are all 0, Y is 0.

  - When one of A, B, or C is 1, Y is still 0.

  - When two inputs are high (e.g., A=1, B=1, C=0), Y becomes 1.

  - When all inputs are high (A=1, B=1, C=1), Y is also 1.

The below image depicts a physical circuit on a breadboard involving logic gates.

Components:

1. AND Gate: 

   - This gate outputs 1 only when all its inputs are 1.

2. OR Gate: 

   - This gate outputs 1 if at least one of its inputs is 1.

3. Buttons (A, B, C): 

   - These buttons serve as the inputs for the logic gates. When pressed, they provide a high (1) signal.

Functionality:

- Users can press buttons A, B, and C to control the input to the gates.

- The output from the AND and OR gates will change based on the combination of the inputs, demonstrating how the logic gates operate in real-time.

Both images illustrate fundamental concepts in digital logic design. The first image explains a logic condition with a truth table, while the second shows a practical implementation of logic gates on a breadboard, allowing users to interact with the circuit and observe the outputs based on different input combinations.