⚙️ Block Diagram of Regulated Power Supply
AC Mains
│
┌─────▼──────┐
│ Transformer│
└─────┬──────┘
│ (AC)
┌─────▼──────┐
│ Rectifier │
└─────┬──────┘
│ (Pulsating DC)
┌─────▼──────┐
│ Filter │
└─────┬──────┘
│ (Smooth DC)
┌─────▼──────┐
│ Regulator │
└─────┬──────┘
│ (Constant DC)
Output
1. Transformer
Purpose: Converts the high-voltage AC from mains (e.g., 230V) to a lower AC voltage suitable for electronic circuits.
Types:
Step-down transformer (commonly used)
Step-up transformer (less common in power supplies)
Operation: Works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It steps voltage up or down depending on the winding ratio.
2. Rectifier
Purpose: Converts AC voltage to pulsating DC voltage.
Types:
Half-wave rectifier: Uses one diode; only one half-cycle of AC is used.
Full-wave rectifier: Uses a center-tapped transformer and two diodes.
Bridge rectifier: Uses four diodes; more efficient and common.
Output: Still has ripples (not pure DC).
3. Filter
Purpose: Removes ripples from the rectified output and provides a smoother DC voltage.
Components Used:
Capacitors (most common): Store charge and release it when the voltage dips.
Inductors and resistors may also be used in complex filters.
Output: A smoothed DC voltage, but still may have small variations (residual ripple).
4. Voltage Regulator
Purpose: Maintains a constant output voltage despite variations in input voltage or load conditions.
Types:
Linear regulators (e.g., 7805 for +5V, 7812 for +12V)
Zener diode regulators (for simple regulation)
Switching regulators (more efficient, used in SMPS)
Operation: Continuously adjusts internal resistance or switching behavior to keep output steady.
Output: A stable and regulated DC voltage suitable for powering sensitive electronics.
✅ Summary
Block Function Output Type
1. Transformer- Converts AC voltage level- AC (lower voltage)
2. Rectifier- Converts AC to DC- Pulsating DC
3. Filter- Smoothens DC- Smooth DC
4. Regulator- Maintains constant DC voltage- Regulated DC
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