Installation and commissioning of 11/0.43kV substation

The decision of a MV or LV supply will depend on local circumstances and considerations such as those mentioned above, and will generally be imposed by the utility. When a decision to supply power at MV has been made, there are two widely-followed methods of proceeding. This paper discusses about installation of 11/0.44 kV substation. It also includes the designing of the double pole structure. It includes the study of various equipment which are installed on dipole structure.

Installation and Commissioning of 11/0.43kV Substation and Design of MV Network with Double Pole Structure on Dipole Structure

1. Site Assessment and Planning:

   - Conduct a thorough site assessment to determine the suitable location for the substation.

   - Consider factors such as accessibility, proximity to load centers, land availability, and safety regulations.

   - Plan the layout and arrangement of equipment within the substation area.

2. Design of MV Network:

   - Conduct a detailed analysis of load requirements and determine the capacity of the substation.

   - Design the medium-voltage (MV) network considering factors such as load distribution, voltage drop, and fault protection.

   - Determine the appropriate cable sizes, lengths, and routing for the MV network.

   - Select suitable transformers, switchgear, and other equipment based on load demands and system design.

3. Procurement of Equipment and Materials:

   - Prepare a list of required equipment and materials based on the design specifications.

   - Initiate the procurement process, ensuring compliance with procurement regulations and policies.

   - Select reputable suppliers and procure the necessary transformers, switchgear, cables, insulators, and other components.

4. Civil Works and Substation Construction:

   - Prepare the substation site by clearing the area and leveling the ground.

   - Construct the necessary foundations and plinths for the transformers, switchgear, and other equipment.

   - Install the double pole structure on the dipole structure, ensuring proper alignment and stability.

5. Equipment Installation:

   - Install the transformers, switchgear, and other equipment according to the manufacturer's guidelines and design specifications.

   - Ensure proper electrical connections, grounding, and insulation for all equipment.

   - Conduct thorough testing and commissioning of each component to ensure functionality and safety.

6. Testing and Commissioning:

   - Perform insulation resistance tests, continuity tests, and other electrical tests to verify the integrity and performance of the substation.

   - Conduct protection and relay testing to ensure proper functioning of the fault protection system.

   - Energize the substation gradually, following safety protocols and procedures.

   - Verify the voltage levels, load distribution, and other parameters to ensure the substation operates as intended.

7. Documentation and Handover:

   - Prepare comprehensive documentation, including as-built drawings, equipment specifications, test reports, and operation manuals.

   - Ensure all necessary permits, licenses, and certificates are obtained.

   - Conduct training sessions for the operation and maintenance staff on the substation and its equipment.

   - Complete the handover process, transferring responsibility for the substation to the relevant authorities or stakeholders.

8. Maintenance and Monitoring:

   - Establish a regular maintenance schedule for the substation and its components.

   - Implement monitoring systems to track the performance, energy consumption, and fault conditions of the substation.

   - Carry out periodic inspections, testing, and maintenance activities to ensure the substation operates efficiently and safely.

By following these steps, the installation and commissioning of the 11/0.43kV substation, along with the design of the MV network and the installation of the double pole structure on the dipole structure, can be successfully accomplished.

Substation Reactors

Reactors are typically inductive devices, and they enhance the performance, stability, and efficiency of the power grid. There are different types of reactors used in substations, and their applications vary based on the specific requirements of the power system. 

Shunt reactors are connected in parallel with the transmission lines or power cables.

They are primarily used to compensate for capacitive reactive power in long transmission lines. This helps in voltage stabilization and reducing line charging currents.

Series reactors are connected in series with the transmission lines. They provide impedance to the flow of current and help in controlling the line charging current. Series reactors also enhance system stability and reduce short-circuit currents.

Neutral grounding reactors are connected to the neutral point of transformers.

Embedded or Co- generation

Many industrial plants have their own generation installed. Sometimes it is for emergency use only, feeding a limited number of busbars and with limited capacity. This arrangement is often adopted to ensure safe shutdown of process plant and personnel safety.

In other plants, the nature of the process allows production of a substantial quantity of electricity, perhaps allowing export of any surplus to the public supply system – at either at sub-transmission or distribution voltage levels. Plants that run generation in parallel with the public supply distribution network are often referred to as co-generation or embedded generation.

If I plug a portable generator into my house outlet and run it, would the power go into appliances, heating, etc.?

If I plug a portable generator into my house outlet and run it, would the power go into appliances, heating, etc.?

Answer: 

Yes.. it can work but first you should not forget to 'turn-off' the main circuit breaker and 'turn-off' and un-plug' first your generator before you switch back to Distribution Utility (DU) normal power.

Plugging a portable generator into a house outlet, known as back feeding, can be dangerous.

It could potentially send electricity back into the grid, endangering utility workers and your neighbors.

If you need to use a generator, it’s best to follow proper protocols and consult an electrician for a safe setup, such as using a transfer switch to isolate your home from the grid while running the generator.

World forests by country

Share of world forests by country:

🇷🇺 Russia: 20.1%

🇧🇷 Brazil: 12.3%

🇨🇦 Canada: 8.6%

🇺🇸 U.S.: 7.7%

🇨🇳 China: 5.5%

🇦🇺 Australia: 3.3%

🇨🇩 DRC: 3.1%

🇮🇩 Indonesia: 2.3%

🇮🇳 India: 1.8%

🇵🇪 Peru: 1.8%

🇦🇴 Angola: 1.6%

🇲🇽 Mexico: 1.6%

🇨🇴 Colombia: 1.5%

🇧🇴 Bolivia: 1.3%

🇻🇪 Venezuela: 1.1%

🇹🇿 Tanzania: 1.1%

🇿🇲 Zambia: 1.1%

🇲🇿 Mozambique: 0.9%

🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea: 0.9%

🇦🇷 Argentina: 0.7%

 Forest Area by Country (hectares):

1. 🇷🇺 Russia - 814,848,460

2. 🇧🇷 Brazil - 491,570,000

3. 🇨🇦 Canada - 346,975,800

4. 🇺🇸 United States - 310,645,000

5. 🇨🇳 China - 211,405,700

6. 🇨🇩 DR Congo - 151,955,200

7. 🇦🇺 Australia - 125,367,000

8. 🇮🇩 Indonesia - 89,641,200

9. 🇵🇪 Peru - 73,637,800

10. 🇮🇳 India - 71,038,800

.

11. 🇲🇽 Mexico - 65,856,800

12. 🇨🇴 Colombia - 58,448,300

14. 🇧🇴 Bolivia - 54,186,000

16. 🇻🇪 Venezuela - 46,354,200

17. 🇹🇿 Tanzania - 45,316,000

20. 🇸🇪 Sweden - 28,073,000

22. 🇦🇷 Argentina - 26,518,400

23. 🇯🇵 Japan - 24,954,800

25. 🇨🇬 Congo - 22,303,200

26. 🇲🇾 Malaysia - 22,223,400

27. 🇫🇮 Finland - 22,218,000

28. 🇨🇫 CAR- 22,138,800

30. 🇸🇩 Sudan - 18,861,120

31. 🇪🇸 Spain - 18,486,130

33. 🇨🇱 Chile - 18,336,600

34. 🇫🇷 France - 17,215,000

36. 🇹🇭 Thailand - 16,459,000

37. 🇸🇷 Suriname - 15,324,400

38. 🇻🇳 Vietnam - 15,031,000

40. 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe - 13,437,200

42. 🇲🇬 Madagascar - 12,441,000

44. 🇲🇳 Mongolia - 12,358,240

45. 🇳🇴 Norway - 12,116,000

46. 🇹🇷 Turkey - 11,919,800

47. 🇩🇪 Germany - 11,423,000

48. 🇮🇷 Iran - 10,691,980

49. 🇧🇼 Botswana - 10,635,600

51. 🇳🇿 New Zealand - 10,152,400

52. 🇺🇦 Ukraine - 9,700,600

53. 🇵🇱 Poland - 9,477,400

54. 🇮🇹 Italy - 9,404,600

56. 🇿🇦 South Africa - 9,241,000

57. 🇰🇭 Cambodia - 9,202,200

59. 🇵🇭 Philippines - 8,520,000

63. 🇷🇴 Romania - 6,999,400

64. 🇳🇦 Namibia - 6,770,600

67. 🇳🇬 Nigeria - 6,173,800

68. 🇰🇷 South Korea - 6,168,800

69. 🇲🇦 Morocco - 5,616,000

71. 🇰🇵 North Korea - 4,777,000

72. 🇹🇩 Chad - 4,621,800

75. 🇰🇪 Kenya - 4,486,200

80. 🇬🇷 Greece - 4,114,400

83. 🇳🇵 Nepal - 3,636,000

88. 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan - 3,197,660

89. 🇬🇧 United Kingdom - 3,178,000

91. 🇵🇹 Portugal - 3,159,200

94. 🇬🇪 Georgia - 2,822,400

96. 🇧🇹 Bhutan - 2,774,770

97. 🇷🇸 Serbia - 2,722,800

102. 🇭🇺 Hungary - 2,078,200

103. 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka - 2,056,800

105. 🇩🇿 Algeria - 1,971,200

110. 🇺🇬 Uganda - 1,806,600

112. 🇪🇷 Eritrea - 1,501,200

113. 🇧🇩 Bangladesh - 1,423,800

114. 🇵🇰 Pakistan - 1,386,000

116. 🇦🇫 Afghanistan - 1,350,000

117. 🇨🇭 Switzerland - 1,261,600

121. 🇹🇳 Tunisia - 1,061,400

124. 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia - 977,000

127. 🇮🇶 Iraq - 825,000

129. 🇮🇪 Ireland - 765,380

130. 🇪🇭 Western Sahara - 707,000

131. 🇧🇪 Belgium - 684,280

133. 🇩🇰 Denmark - 622,240

136. 🇾🇪 Yemen - 549,000

141. 🇸🇾 Syria - 491,000

146. 🇳🇱 Netherlands - 377,200

149. 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates - 324,720

150. 🇧🇮 Burundi - 285,200

153. 🇲🇷 Mauritania - 217,500

157. 🇮🇱 Israel - 169,400

160. 🇱🇧 Lebanon - 137,460

166. 🇪🇬 Egypt - 74,200

170. 🇮🇸 Iceland - 51,800

186. 🇬🇩 Grenada - 16,990

187. 🇸🇬 Singapore - 16,350

195. 🇵🇸 Palestine - 9,170

199. 🇰🇼 Kuwait - 6,250

201.. 🇩🇯 Djibouti - 5,600

208. 🇴🇲 Oman - 2,000

210. 🇲🇻 Maldives - 1,000

213. 🇲🇹 Malta - 350

214. 🇬🇱 Greenland - 220

Alessandro Volta

Born Feb 18, 1745: Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) 

was an Italian physicist known for his pioneering work in electricity. His most significant contribution was the invention of the voltaic pile in 1800, the first electrical battery, which produced a steady electric current. This invention was crucial in the field of electrochemistry and led to the development of modern electrical science. Volta's work laid the foundation for the study of electricity and its applications, and the unit of electric potential, the volt, is named in his honor.

The "Voltaic Pile" or "Voltaic Cell" invented by Alessandro Volta was a device that produced a steady flow of electricity. It consisted of alternating layers of two different metals, typically zinc and copper, separated by discs or plates of cardboard or cloth soaked in an electrolyte solution.

The construction of the Voltaic Pile involved stacking multiple pairs of metal discs, each pair consisting of one zinc disc and one copper disc, with a separator in between. The separators were typically pieces of cardboard or cloth soaked in a saline solution or an acidic solution. The stack of alternating metal discs and separators formed a column or pile.

When the top and bottom of the stack were connected with a conductor, such as a wire, a chemical reaction occurred within the pile. This reaction, known as an electrochemical reaction, involved the transfer of electrons between the zinc and copper discs through the electrolyte solution.

The Voltaic Pile functioned based on the principle of electrochemical potential difference between the two metals. The zinc, being more reactive, would undergo oxidation, losing electrons and generating positive ions in the process. These electrons would then flow through the external circuit, creating an electric current. At the same time, reduction would occur at the copper discs, where the positive ions from the electrolyte solution would accept electrons and be reduced.

The Voltaic Pile demonstrated the production of a continuous and stable flow of electricity, thus becoming the first practical device capable of generating a consistent electrical current. Volta's invention marked a significant advancement in the field of electricity and laid the foundation for future developments in electrical technology.

The Voltaic Pile had a profound impact on the understanding and utilization of electricity. It inspired further experimentation and led to subsequent inventions, including the development of batteries with improved designs and materials. The concept of the Voltaic Pile also contributed to the development of early electrochemical cells and the understanding of electrochemistry as a scientific discipline.